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Publication Date

8-19-2026

Population aging and urbanization increasingly affect the well-being of older people. Urban green spaces (UGSs) can enhance their well-being through cultural ecosystem services (CESs), making CES assessment essential for inclusive cities. However, most studies employing the Maxent model for CES spatial assessment have mainly focused on predicting CES distributions, with limited efforts to translate model outputs into actionable spatial designs for improving CES satisfaction. This study aimed to propose and assess the landscape designs in UGSs informed by the Maxent model, and then to refine the existing National Park Design Code. The findings firstly revealed the spatial distributions of CES satisfaction value indices (SVIs) in both surveyed and unsurveyed UGSs. Furthermore, we proposed targeted landscape designs: (1) increasing bench density and maintaining appropriate spacing, (2) increasing vegetation and locating them centrally, and (3) reducing and strategically placing activity spaces at corners. These designs were validated by Maxent models again. Next, the study suggested refinements to the existing National Park Design Code, including (1) placing high bench densities in activity spaces and controlling the spacing between benches within waterbodies to improve seating availability for older people, and (2) using larger centralized vegetation patches to enhance accessibility. In contrast, (3) placing smaller activity spaces along UGS edges to achieve better separation of noisy and quiet zones. This study established a concrete mechanism for achieving an inclusive urban environment through actionable landscape transformation, offering a set of practical implications to guide urban researchers and practitioners in fostering more age-friendly and inclusive cities.

DOI

10.15365/1932-7048.1421

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